Questions and Answers

1. Which is the topic of the news?
It is about a research of the relation between the consumption of red  meat and heart diseases?

2. Where could we find carnitine?
We could find it in supplements, energy drinks, in red meat and in human bodies.

3. How many people were involved in the study?
26 hundred people were involved.

4. Why is the bee population decreasing?
 Because people use pesticides that had never been tested.

5. How much time does it take for a pesticide review to be completed?
 It takes 5-10 years to be completed.

6. How many bees does a hive have?
 It has 30-100 bees inside.

L'auberge epagnole

Setting

At first, the story takes place in Paris, France, where the main character lives. Then, he moves to Barcelona, Spain, where he stays at first with a french couple, and then he lives with a group of young students in a small apartment.


Characters.

Xavier, a young, french, Economist student who once wanted to be a writer. He speaks a Little of spanish.
His mom, a hippie.
His girlfriend, Martine, who doesn't want him to leave.
The french couple, the husband is a neurologist, a very relaxed person. The wife is a little shy, and she doesn't speak any spanish.
Xavier's roommates are international students, from Italy, Spain, Belgium, England.... and others....

Plot

Xavier is a french student who has the opportunity to get a job with the help of his father's friend, but he must learn spanish, so he decides to go to Barcelona on an Erasmus program. He leaves his mom and girlfriend and they all are sad. On his arrival to Barcelona he meets a french couple who helps him with the lodging for the first days, until he finds an appartment that shares with other students.
Not everything is good, he suffers because the spanish classes are in Catalan; and he lives in a very small appartment which he shares with unorganized people, and the owner of it raises the cost of the rent. ....

Brave New World

  1. How does the author depict London in the future?
He describes a City with a lot of high buildings; and with the capability to create new people.

  2. What kind of ideology is represented by the motto on the building?

They believe in a community, having an identity, and as a product, stability.

Like socialism or communism

 

  3. Is there such things as Natural Selection? If you could decide who to reproduce/clones, who would you pick?

Yes, I think so, everywhere, in every community, or ecosystem.

 

The second question is very difficult to answer, because no one in the whole world is perfect. Maybe, I would prefer intelectual habilities to clone, rather than physical qualities. And of course, humankind thinking.

 

Vocabulary 4

1.- Litter: n. trash

2.- Air lock room: n. (transl.) esclusa: espacio cerrado con 2 o más puertas, interpuesto entre 2 o más salas, por ejemplo de distinto nivel de limpieza, con el fin de controlar la circulación de aire entre dichas salas cuando se pasa a las mismas

3.- Tin: n. (transl.) estaño; lata

4.- Wet lab: n. (transl.) laboratorio húmedo. These are laboratories where chemicals, drugs, or other material or biological matter are handled in liquid solutions or volatile phases, requiring direct ventilation, and specialized piped utilities (typically water and various gasses). 

5.- Litterbug: adj. one who litters in public places

6.- Stork: n. (transl.) cigüeña

7.- Delicacy: n. (transl.) delicadeza, exquisitez

8.- Sting ray: n (transl.) mantarraya

9.- Sieve: n. (transl.) tamiz, colador

10.- Be fond of: (transl.) Mostrar afecto o cariño por.

11.- Hunch: n. (transl.) presentimiento, corazonada

12.- Intern: n. (transl.) becario, pasante

13.- Reliability: n. (transl.) confiabilidad, fiabilidad

14.- Arson: n. (transl.) incendio provocado

15.- Burglar: n. (transl.) ladrón

16.- Well off: adj. (transl) rico, acomodado, pudiente. E.g. For the well off, this city is a paradise; for the poor it is nothing less than a Hell.

17.- Stingy: adj. (transl.) tacaño

18.- Frugal: adj. (transl.) frugal, sobrio, austero

19.- Savvy: adj. (transl.) inteligente; experto

20.- Squanderer: adj. (transl.) derrochador, gastador, e.g. Even though the spendthrift or the squanderer feels deep down very generous, he is undoubtedly violating the Law when he is wasting his money.

21.- Spendthrift: adj. (transl.) despilfarrador.

22.- Mocking: n./adj. (transl) burlas, burlón, mofarse

23.- Diligent: adj. (transl.) diligente, concienzudo, perseverante

24.- Forsake: v. to give up, renounce. e.g. I won't forsake my conservative principles.

25.- Grim: adj. (transl.) sombrío, deprimente, horrible, nefasto

26.- Maverick: adj. an independent, nonconformist person. E.g. John is a real maverick and always does things his own way.

27.- Gloomy: adj. (transl.) triste, sombrío, tenebroso, pesimista, deprimente

28.- Sullen: adj. (transl.) hosco, huraño, malhumorado

29.- Quaint: adj. (transl.) pintoresco, original, agradable, curioso

30.- Concern: v. To affect somebody/something, to involve somebody/something

31.- Dreary: n. (transl.) triste, monótono, aburrido, deprimente

32.- Ponder: v. (transl.) reflexionar, meditar, ponderar

33.- Weary: adj. (transl.) cansado, harto

34.- Lore: n. (transl.) tradición, conocimientos

35.- Nod: v. (transl.) asentir

35.- Napping: n. (transl.) siesta

36.- Rapping: v. (transl.) golpeo

37.- Chamber: n. (transl.) cámara, recámara, sala, habitación

38.- Mutter: v. (transl.) murmurar

39.- Bleak: adj. (transl.) sombrío, desolador, deprimente, triste

40.- Ember: n. (transl.) brasa

41.- Wrought: v. (transl.) sacar, retorcer, escurrir

42.- Eagerly: adv. (transl.) ansiosamente, ávidamente, con interés

43.- Morrow: n. (transl.) mañana

44.- Vainly: adv. worthless, unsuccessful, useless

45.- Sought: v. (transl.) buscar, pedir, solicitar

46.- Surcease: v.  to desist from action; also : to come to an end : cease

47.- Maiden: n. (transl.) soltera, doncella

48.- Rustling: n. (transl.) ruido, susurro

49.- Still: adj. (transl.) quieto, inmóvil, tranquilo

50.- Entreating: v. (transl.) rogar, suplicar

 

Vocabulary 3

1) Analyte: n. sample constituent whose concentration is sought in a chemical analysis.
2) Catalyst: n a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or produced by the reaction.
3) Displacement: n A reaction in which a fragment of one reactant is replaced by another reactant (or by a fragent of another reactant).
4) Endpoint: n. The experimental estimate of the equivalence point in a titration.
5) Equivalence point: n The equivalence point is the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react completely with the analyte.
6) Ionic dissociation: n When ionic substances dissolve, their ions are surrounded by solvent molecules and separated from each other.
7) Limiting reactant: n The reactant that limits the amount of product produced in a chemical reaction.
8) Percent yield: n Percent yield equals experimental yield divided by theoretical yield times 100%.
9) Rearrangement reaction: n  reaction in which a reactant and product are isomers of each other.
10) Spectator ion: n  spectator ion is an ion that appears as both a reactant and a product in an ionic equation.
11) Standard solution: n A solution of precisely known concentration.

12) Theoretical yield: n The amount of product obtained when all of the limiting reagent reacts.

13) Titrant: n. The substance that quantitatively reacts with the analyte in a titration.

14) Titration: n A procedure for determining the amount of some unknown substance (the analyte) by quantitative reaction with a measured volume of a solution of precisely known concentration (the titrant).

15) Yield: n The amount of product actually obtained in a chemical reaction.

16) Elementary reaction: n. A reaction that occurs in a single step.
17) Half life: n The half life of a reaction is the time required for the amount of reactant to drop to one half its initial value.
18) Rate law: n. A rate law or rate equation relates reaction rate with the concentrations of reactants, catalysts, and inhibitors.
19) Activated charcoal: n. A porous form of carbon that acts as a powerful adsorbent, used to decolorize liquids, recover solvents, and remove toxins from water and air.
20) Carbonate hardness: adj. Water hardness due to the presence of calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates.
21) Dissolved oxygen: n The amount of oxygen dissolved in a solvent (usually water).
22) Excitotoxin: n An excitotoxin is a toxic molecule that stimulates nerve cells so much that they are damaged or killed.
23) Molecular sieve: n A material that contains many small cavities interconnected with pores of precisely uniform size. Zeolites are an example.
24) Teratogen: n A substance that can cause deformities in embryos.
25) Water softening: v. Removal of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from water to prevent undesirable precipitation reactions from occurring in plumbing, pools, washwater, and boilers.
26) Aliphatic: n. An organic compound that does not contain ring structures.
27) Chelate: n  stable complex of a metal with one or more polydentate ligands.
28) Chiral: adj. Having nonsuperimposable mirror images. For example, a shoe or a glove is chiral.
29) Conformers: n Molecular arrangements that differ only by rotations around single bonds. For example, the "boat" and "chair" forms of cyclohexane are conformers.
30) Coordination number: n The number of bonds formed by the central atom in a metal-ligand complex.
31) Functional group: n A substructure that imparts characteristic chemical behaviors to a molecule, for example, a carboxylic acid group.
32) Zwitterion: n A particle that contains both positively charged and negatively charged groups.
33) Bunsen burner: n A gas burner with adjustable air intake, commonly used in laboratories.
34) Flash point: n The temperature when vapor pressure of a substance becomes high enough to allow the air/vapor layer over the substance to be ignited.
35) MSDS: n material safety data sheet.
Safety information sheet for a particular substance that lists physical properties, hazards, cleanup and disposal procedures, fire and explosion data, and protective equipment required.
36) Acclimatization: v The biological process whereby an organism adapts to a new environment. One example is the process of developing microorganisms that degrade toxic wastes in the environment.
37) Active Ingredient: n Any component that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals.
38) Adverse Agents: n Undesired effects or toxicity due to exposure (often but not limited to a drug or medical device).
39) Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): n An undesirable effect that may be caused by a study drug.
40) Air change rate: n The number of times the total air volume of a defined space is replaced in a given unit of time.
41) Airlock: n A room or space designed to act as a means of segregating areas of different air classification or quality.
42) Ames test: n A simple bacterial test for carcinogens.
43) Ampholyte: n Amphoteric electrolyte. Electrolyte that can either give up or take on a hydrogen ion and can thus behave as either an acid or a base.
44) Amphoteric: adj.  Having two opposite characteristics.
45) Ampoule: n  small glass vial sealed after filling and one of the earliest devices developed for safe storage of sterile injectable unit.
46) Anabolism: n The intracellular process involved in the synthesis of more complex compounds than those involved in catabolism (for example, glucose to glycogen) and requires energy.
47) Analytical Data Interchange (ANDI): n A generic file format. It was common practice before CFR 21 Part 11 to save information from analytical instruments in this file format.
48) Ancillary material: n Material used in preparing drugs that does not become a component of the drug (e.g. steam, air, N2, DI water)
49) API Starting Material: n A material used in the production of an API which is itself or is incorporated as a significant structural fragment into the structure of the API. A starting material may be an article of commerce, a material purchased from one or more suppliers under contract or commercial agreement, or it may be produced in-house. Starting materials are normally of defined chemical properties and structure.
50) Assay: n A technique (test) for measuring a biological response or for determining characteristics such as composition, purity, activity, and weight.

Vocabulary 2

1) Cramschool: n. E.g. Before applying for the UNAM test, I studied at a Cramschool named CONAMAT and I did pass the test because I studied hard in CONAMAT.

2) Binder: n. (transl.) Carpeta; (transl) aglomerante. e.g. A drug Tablet may contain a binder in its formula to help form the shape of the talet.

3) By-product: n. (transl) Sub-producto o producto secundario

4) Issueed: v. Emitido. e.g. This document was issued the 25th of November, 2005.

5) Cold form foil: n. (transl) Alumino conformado en frío. e.g. Drug blisters are made by a cold form foil method.

6) Microns: n. e.g. Some bacteria and microorganisms are measured in microns units.

7) Liners: n. (transl) Sellos internos de envases o discos de hermeticidad.

8) Push thru blister: n (transl) blíster de presión.

9) NIL: n (transl) nulo, cero, nada

10) Label claim: n. (transl) contenido declarado en la etiqueta

11) Dosage strenght: (tansl) potencia o concentración de la dosis de un fármaco.

12) Dy Manager: n deputy manager, (transl) director suplente

13) General manager: n (transl) director general

13) Asst. Manager: n (transl) Subdirector

14) Wise-yield: adj. (transl) por etapas

15) Threshold: n (transl) umbral

16) Layflat bags: n. e.g. When I buy fruits and vegetables in the supermarket, I put them in clear layflat bags

17) XRD: n (transl) difracción de rayos X.

18) Excursions: n (transl) variaciones, fluctuaciones, e.g. My reaction compound  may be kept in a room where there are temperatura excursions between 20° to 25°C.

19) Mesh: n (transl) malla, e.g., We can sieve this powder through a little mesh.

20) Sieve: n (transl) tamiz

21) Flow-through filter: n (transl) filtro de flujo continuo

22) Path lenght: n (transl) longitud de paso óptico

23) GMP: n Good Manufacturing Process. The production of this drug followed the GMP.

24) QA: adj. Quality assurance.

25) Reslurry: v (transl) resuspender

26) Spin-dry: v. (transl) Centrifugar.

27) Graduated cylinder: n (transl) probeta. eg. I need a graduated cylinder to measure 100 mL of ethanol. 

28) Accuracy: adj. It is the correctness of a single measurement.

29) Gross error: n. Undetected mistakes that cause a measurement to be very much farther from the mean measurement than other measurements.

30) Random error: n. errors that affect the precision of a set of measurements.

31) Relative error: n. The uncertainty in a measurement compared to the size of the measurement

32) SI: n. Le Systéme Internationale (SI) is a system of units introduced to remove barriers to international trade, based on the older metric system.

33) Specific gravity: n The mass of a unit volume of a substance relative to the mass of a unit volume of water.

34) Specific volume: n The volume of a unit mass of substance

35) Absorption: n Penetration of molecules into the bulk of a solid or liquid, forming either a solution or compound.

36) Adsorbent: n A substance that collects molecules of another substance on its surface

37) Allotrope: n. Some elements occur in several distinct forms called allotropes. Allotropes have different chemical and physical properties. For example, graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon.

38) Alloy: n. A mixture containing mostly metals

39) Chromatography: n method for separating mixtures based on differences in the speed at which they migrate over or through a stationary phase.

40) Stationary phase: n.  stationary phase is a substance that shows different affinities for different components in a sample mixture in a separation of the mixture by chromatography.

41) Colloid: n A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture composed of tiny particles suspended in another material.

42) Foam: n. A colloid in which bubbles of gas are suspended in a solid or liquid.

43) Plasma: n. 1. In biology, the fluid in which blood cells or lymph cells are suspended. 2. A gaslike state of matter consisting of positively charged ions, free electrons, and neutral particles.

44) Polymorphm: n. Solid substances that occur in several distinct forms.

45) Qualitative analysis: n. A chemical analysis that determines the concentration of a substance in a sample.

46) Quantitative analysis: n. A chemical analysis that determines the concentration of a substance in a sample.

47) Solvent extraction: n. Method for separating mixtures by exploiting differences in the solubilities of the components. For example, a coffee machine extracts the soluble components of ground coffee with water, and leaves the insoluble components behind.

48) Stoichiometry: n 1. Ratios of atoms in a compound. 2. Ratios of moles of compounds in a reaction. 3. A branch of chemistry that quantitatively relates amounts of elements and compounds involved in chemical reactions, based on the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions.

49) Stripping: v. Stripping is a technique for removing volatile components in a mixture by bubbling a stream of an chemically unreactive gas (like nitrogen) through the sample, and then 'scrubbing' the nitrogen through a solution or solid adsorbent that can recover the volatile materials.

50) Zone refining: v.  A method for purifying solids based on the fact that solutes tend to concentrate in the liquid when a solution is frozen.

Vocabulary 1

1) Submit: v. (transl.) presentar. e.g. The most important document you must submit when you apply for a visa is your passport.
2) Request: n. application, form, solicitation.
3) Receipt: n. invoice, (transl.) factura.
4) Reconcile: v. (transl.) conciliar.
5) Billing statement: n. (transl.) estado de cuenta
6) Sleep onset latency: n. (transl.) Latencia de comienzo de sueño. e.g. At post-treatment, sleep onset latency improved slightly for both men and women.
7) Drowsiness: n. sleepiness, (transl.) somnolencia.
8) Whilst: adv. (transl.) mientras
9) Hangover: n.(transl.) resaca
10) Motion sickness: n. dizziness; (transl.) mareo
11) Impaired: adj. (transl.) dañado, deteriorado, afectado
12) Slow-wave sleep: n. a state of deep usually dreamless sleep that occurs regularly during a normal period of sleep with intervening periods of REM sleep and that is characterized by delta waves and a low level of autonomic physiological activity—called also non-REM sleep, NREM sleep, orthodox sleep, S sleep, synchronized sleep.
13) Comprise: v. (transl.) incluir, abarcar
14) Run in: v. (transl.) funcionar, ejecutarse, iniciar en
15) Concurrent medication: n. (transl) medicamento concomitante, simultáneo.
16) Liable: adj. (transl) expuesto, sujeto, propenso
17) Amendments: n. (transl) enmienda. A change made to a basic law or constitution.
18) Washout period: n. (transl) periodo de limpieza
19) Ambulatory monitoring: n. (transl) monitoreo ambulatorio. e.g. The disadvantages of ambulatory monitoring are that you are not constantly with the patient while the data is being collected.
20) Epoch: n. a memorable event or date.
21) Skew: v. (transl.) sesgar, desviar. 
22) Halve: v. (transl) reducir a la mitad
23) Preclude: v (transl) impedir, evitar
24) Borne out: v (transl) confirmado
25) Cutoff: n. (transl) umbral, límite, atajo.
26) Regardless of: adv. (transl) independientemente
27) State of Art: n. (transl) estado de la técnica
28) Claims: n. (transl) reivindicaciones; cláusulas
29) Embodiements: n. (transl) modalidades
30) Dosage Form: n. (transl) forma farmacéutica
31) Marketing Authorization Holder: n. (transl) Titular de la Autorización de la comercialización
32) Film-coated tablets: n. (transl) tabletas recubiertas.
33) In-house standard: n (transl) estándar interno.
34) Release media: n. (transl) medio de disolución
35) Release rate: n. (transl) velocidad de liberación
36) Diluting solvent: n. (transl) diluyente
37) # Mio IU: n. millions of International Units. Measure
38) Drug Master File: n. (transl) Expediente Maestro del Fármaco
39) Drug Product: n. (transl) medicamento. 
40) API: n. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. The pharmaceutical ingredient which has the therapeutic effects.
41) Head quarters: n. (transl) casa matriz
42) Bulk lot: n. (transl) lote a granel
43) Suitability: adj.  appropriate to a purpose or an occasion
44) Ruggedness: adj. (transl) reproducibilidad
45) Bracket: v. (transl) ajustar
46) Bulk volume: n. (transl) volumen aparente 
47) Tapped: adj. (transl) compactado
48) Tap density: (transl) densidad de compactación
49) S. No.: n. Sample number. 
50)  CoA: n. Certificate of Analysis. An authenticated document, issued by an appropriate authority, that certifies the quality and purity of pharmaceutical products.